If you're planning to reinforce your home against earthquakes, it's essential to understand some of the basic concepts of seismic retrofitting.

Prior to 1938, the majority of residences were built to withstand one type of force or load as the engineers call it -- the force of gravity. That's an up-and-down force. Unfortunately the most damaging component of earthquake forces is from side to side, producing what engineers call a lateral load. Therefore, older buildings that were adequately built to resist up and down forces might collapse under the lateral stresses of some earthquakes.

When dealing with conventional wood-framed residential structures, there are three basic types of lateral failure, and as a consequence there are three different needs in seismic reinforcement. Bracing against one type of lateral failure does not protect you from the other two. That's why a knowledgeable professional should plan a retrofitting scheme -- a scattershot approach can leave your house just as vulnerable after reinforcement as before.

Here are some terms you will hear in connection with seismic reinforcement:

Cripple wall failure

This occurs in older wood-frame houses on taller crawl space walls. Taller crawl-space walls are also known as cripple walls; they are built with vertical 2X studs. They can be found between the foundation and the floor joists. Even in some of the recent minor quakes, such homes have been destroyed when these walls collapsed. Cripple wall bracing with plywood shear panels provides the optimum protection.

Click here for a picture of a cripple wall.

Un-reinforced cripple walls are a weak link for getting the earthquake loads from the lower floor to the foundation. Plywood reinforcement on the inside face of the cripple-wall studs can save a house from destruction in a future quake. This is a relatively low cost fix, while neglecting it is foolhardy.

Shear failure happens when the bottom of a building moves under the force of a quake but the top does not.

Sliding failure

Sliding failure is a potential foundation problem when a house is not securely bolted to the foundation. Thus an earthquake can cause the entire building to literally slide off its foundation (while often remaining otherwise intact). Sliding foundation problems and failures are usually prevented by ordinary foundation bolts and framing anchors.

Many houses predating World War II, with deficient anchor bolts or none at all, are a worry. Ground motion can send such houses sliding off their foundations. That's a pretty good argument for adding some more anchor bolts.

Is your house bolted? Maybe and maybe not. Many -- but not all -- houses built before 1938 have either deficient or nonexistent foundation bolts.

Click here to see a framing anchor diagram

It is best to have the adequacy of existing foundation bolts checked by an expert; if needed, additional bolts should be added.

Under the influence of earthquake forces, your foundation begins oscillating before your roof even starts to move. The result is that the top and bottom edges of your house's walls shear, or move horizontally past each other. Shear failures produce characteristic diagonal or X-shaped cracks in plaster and, stucco, and foundation cracks. The heavier the building, the greater the shear forces produced -- and the greater the potential damage.

Shear Wall failure

Many wood-frame houses built before the mid-'80s don't have enough bracing. The problem is magnified when there's a second story above the garage. Modern wood-frame houses include additional reinforcement in this critical area. Most use extra-heavy shear walls on both sides of the garage door opening, with hold-downs at the bottom corners to attach them to the foundation.

Adding plywood facing, or plywood shear walls, helps prevent this type of failure. However, not every plywood wall is effective as a shear wall. Because any type of reinforcement is only as strong as its weakest link, the plywood must be adequately nailed at the panel edges to the studs and the entire shear wall properly tied to the floor structure. In short, the building's various elements must be securely interconnected.

Sometimes, steel moment-resisting columns or frames are also used when a lack of wall length is present because of large openings. We sometimes call this HOG failure (house over garage) or Habitable spaces Over Garage type openings. HOG failure involves uplift or overturning combined with lateral load. Un-reinforced garages with second stories above are prime candidates for trouble. If the narrow sections of wall on either side of the garage door aren't properly reinforced, the result can be severe structural damage or even collapse. Special engineering is required for these situations. Hold-down anchors, moment frames, or both may be required.

Hold-downs

These are used to resist uplift and overturning. Hold-downs are different from anchor bolts. They are much heftier bolts than anchor bolts because they must resist pullout (vertical) forces. To get an idea of the difference, go to your local lumberyard and ask to see an example of each. Hold-downs involve several essentials, and often include plywood shears combined with bulkier studs. Items in this category (shear wall failure) typically involve extra components above the first floor and require professional installation. Even then if even one component is faulty, that whole system could fail. An unfortunate example is the Northridge Meadows Apartment complex.

Make certain that your contractor has consulted a structural engineer to address the specifics of your particular structure.

These suggested retrofit measures are intended to improve the resistance to seismic forces and are not a guarantee to make your home earthquake-proof. We strongly urge every homeowner whose home has not been retrofitted to carefully consider the cost of a basic retrofit as opposed to the cost of a total home repair after a seismic event.

Around 1940 the building codes for housing were updated to include bolting for seismic activity. Below is a diagram of what a typical unbolted home looks like.

Once installed, the final product will look similar to the diagram below.



Here is a front view of the seismic plate in place. Once the plates are installed, the job is half over. So far all that has been done is to secure the sill plate to the foundation.



To secure the house to the sill plate, we install A35 metal framing anchors.